Early Permanence: Fostering for Adoption, Concurrent Planning and Temporary Approval as Foster Carers of Approved Prospective Adopters
Scope of this chapter
Local permanence guidance is currently being reviewed.
Related guidance
- The Children Act 1989 Guidance and Regulations - Volume 2: Care Planning, Placement and Case Review
- Fostering For Adoption: Practice Guidance (Coram, BAAF)
- National Early Permanence Practice Standards (Coram Centre for Early Permanence) - the key aim is for ‘the standards to be used as a tool to enable local authorities, regional adoption agencies and voluntary adoption agencies to progress and secure consistency and coherence in the early permanence offer to children within their governance and partnership arrangements’.
Amendment
In March 2024, this chapter was refreshed and a link was added to National Early Permanence Practice Standards (Coram Centre for Early Permanence).
This procedure deals with placement of a child with carers who are dually approved, i.e. approved both as prospective adopters and as local authority foster carers.
Early Permanence (EP) is an umbrella term covering Concurrency and Fostering for Adoption placements. Both retain the potential for a child to be reunified with their family depending on specific care plans and circumstances and the outcome of the final court decision (National Early Permanence Practice Standards (Coram Centre for Early Permanence), Glossary of Terms).
The advantage of this type of placement is that the child will be placed with foster carers who, subject to a Placement Order being made, or parental consent, are expected to go on to become the child’s adoptive family. The child therefore benefits from an early placement with their eventual permanent carers. Delay in finding a permanent family for young children who have already experienced neglect early on in their lives may have a profoundly damaging effect on their development. This type of placement has potential to reduce this delay and the damage caused significantly.
These placements are foster placements. This placement will only become an adoptive placement if:
- The Agency Decision Maker (ADM) has decided that the child should be placed for adoption; and
- Either a Placement Order has been made; or
- Parental consent to the child’s adoption is given.
It is possible that such a placement may not lead to adoption, for example because the child’s plan changes where rehabilitation with the birth family is successful, because suitable family or friends come forward or because the court does not agree to make a Placement Order. This may mean that the child returns home or is moved to another permanence arrangement. But, for the vast majority of children in such placements, progression towards adoption will be the anticipated outcome.
Local authorities will need to ensure that people who are willing to care for a child in this way are fully aware that the placement may not lead to adoption, and that they have been given appropriate information and training so that they understand their role and legal responsibilities as foster carers and ongoing support once the placement has been made.
Section 3, Concurrent Planning is an established practice for placing children with dually approved carers. As these placements are foster placements, rather than placements for adoption, they could be made under existing legislation. The law has, however, developed to make the situation more explicit.
In 2013, the Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010 were amended to allow approved prospective adopters to be given temporary approval as foster carers for a named child.
In July 2014, the Children and Families Act 2014 imposed a duty upon local authorities to consider placement with dually approved carers whenever it is considering adoption or where the decision has been made that the child ought to be placed for adoption, but where the agency does not yet have authority to place the child for adoption through either a placement order or parental consent.
- Where parents have had one or more child/ren previously placed for adoption or other forms of permanent placement and the evidence strongly suggests that their circumstances have not changed and they pose the same risks as they did to the previous child/ren;
- The local authority does not have a proactive plan to rehabilitate the child as the circumstances of the parents are such to pose a serious on-going risk;
- Where this is the first child, the circumstances of the parents and the risks to the child are such that there is no proactive plan to return the child to the birth parents or to other family members;
- Where parents have indicated that they may want their child adopted, but have not formally consented.
The local authority should not consider such a placement where the child is Accommodated under section 20 Children Act 1989 and there is a reasonable likelihood that the child will be able to return to his or her birth parents or to family or friends.
Concurrent planning is usually used in cases where rehabilitation with the birth family is still being attempted, but it is expected that adoption will become the plan for the child should the rehabilitation not be successful.
Concurrent planning requires the identification and delivery of a detailed rehabilitation plan while the child is placed with carers who are approved for both fostering and adoption who support that plan. If the rehabilitation plan proves to be unsuccessful, the foster carers can go on to adopt the child once Care Proceedings and the Placement Order application are completed.
It involves placing a Looked After child with approved foster carers who, as well as providing temporary care for the child, bring them to regular supervised contact sessions with their parents and other relatives. In addition, the carer may spend time with the parents at both ends of contact sessions to update them on the child’s progress. This enables a relationship to develop which is supportive to the parents. The agency provides focussed support via a contact supervisor whose role is to advise the parents to help them to change their lifestyle and improve their parenting skills with the aim of enabling their child to return home to them. If this is the outcome, the child will have maintained contact with their parents and have sustained their attachment because of the regular contact visits. But the carers are also approved as adopters so that if the parents’ rehabilitation plan is not successful, the child may be placed with the carers for adoption, ensuring a continuity of attachment.
Under the Children and Families Act 2014, where the local authority are considering adoption for a child (see Section 4.2, Considering Adoption for a Child) or are satisfied that the child ought to be placed for adoption but is not yet authorised (either by consent or by Placement Order) to place the child for adoption, the authority MUST consider placing the child with a relative, friend or other Connected Person who is also a local authority foster carer or, where they decide that such a placement is not the most appropriate placement, then they must consider placing the child with a local authority foster carer who has been approved as a prospective adopter.
In such a situation, the requirements under the section 22 of the Children Act 1989 to ensure that placements allow the child to live near the parents’ home, be placed within the local authority area, remain at the same school and to be placed together with sibling(s), do not apply.
The carers may be dually approved by being fully approved adopters and foster carers for any child, or they might be approved prospective adopters who have been temporarily approved as foster carers for a named child under regulation 25A of the Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010 – see Section 5, Temporary Approval as Foster Carers of Approved Prospective Adopters.
Such a placement must be approved by the Nominated Officer who must:
- Be satisfied that:
- The placement is the most appropriate placement available for the child and will safeguard and promote his/her welfare; and
- The child’s wishes and feelings have been ascertained and given due consideration, and the IRO has been informed; and
- If their whereabouts are known, notify the child’s parent(s)/guardian of the proposed placement.
It is expected that the Nominated Officer will be a social worker with a good understanding of care planning, including adoption and fostering. It could be the adoption Agency Decision Maker.
Where a child is placed in a fostering for adoption placement, the relationship which the child has with the person who is a prospective adopter must be considered by the Court or Adoption Agency alongside other relevant relationships the child has with their relatives or other persons. (See Section 9 Children and Social Work Act 2017).
Examples of when a local authority may be considering adoption include:
- Where the local authority is trying to rehabilitate the child with the birth parents, there are no suitable family or friends carers and adoption is the best option for the child if rehabilitation does not succeed;
- The child is a sibling of another child/children who have been placed for adoption. This can be by Milton Keynes City Council or other local authorities;
- A risk assessment of the parents has been completed and the local authorities plan is to seek removal of the child/children through the Courts;
- Where the local authority has decided at the permanence planning stage that adoption should be the plan for the child. The local authority must be able to demonstrate to the ADM and the court why the child cannot return home, why the child has not been placed with family or friends, why no other permanence plan is appropriate for the child and why adoption is the right plan for the child;
- In cases where the birth parents have indicated that they are likely to consent to the child being placed for adoption, but have not yet consented;
- A Fostering for Adoption placement can also be made after the ADM has made the decision that the child should be placed for adoption, but does not yet have authority to place the child for adoption.
Examples of where a local authority will not be considering adoption include:
- The child is likely to return home;
- They are aware that there are family or friends who can care for the child;
- A permanence placement other than adoption is more appropriate for the child.
If, at any point during the planning of a Fostering for Adoption placement or if the child is already in such a placement, there is any change to the circumstances of prospective carers, including relatives, a planning meeting with the Fostering for Adoption carers and all professionals involved should take place to consider the new information at the earliest opportunity, so that the carers can make an informed choice about their position. Similarly, this also allows the local authority to consider their position in light of the change in circumstances.
Before a final decision is made by the ADM to approve a Foster to Adopt Placement, a Foster to Adopt Evidence Report will be written by the relevant professional and presented to the Head of Delivery; the report should capture all the relevant information in order for the Head of Delivery to consider the case.
The Foster to Adopt Evidence Report should be a short, concise and succinct summary of the background to the case, the reason why Foster to Adopt is being requested, the relevant legislation and regulations and legal status of the child.
The Report should be concise and in addition the following information should be provided:
- Any viability assessments on family members including the outcome of these;
- If available an Adoption medical;
- If available the Child Placement Report;
- If there is a Prospective Adopters Report this must be updated;
- Any other relevant information.
Following the review of the Foster to Adopt Evidence Report and if Foster to Adopt is considered the best option, the Report and evidence will be presented to the ADM for their decision.
A Fostering for Adoption Placement can also be made after the ADM has made the decision that the child should be placed for adoption, but does not yet have the authority to place the child for adoption.
Where a decision is made to place a child in a Fostering for Adoption placement, the adoption agency must:
- Notify the prospective adopter in writing;
- Explain the decision to the child in an appropriate manner, having regard to the child’s age and understanding;
- Explain to the birth parents (which includes fathers without Parental Responsibility) / guardian the legal implications.
On those occasions where the child is voluntarily Accommodated under section 20 of the Children Act, the notification should remind the birth parents of their right to remove the child from the local authority’s care and should provide advice on access to legal advice and appropriate advisory bodies. At this point, the Local Authority may wish to consider commencing care proceedings.
The parents should be informed that the local authority cannot pre-judge the outcome of Care Proceedings and only the court can authorise placement for adoption if the parents do not consent to their child being placed for adoption.
Approved prospective adopters can be given temporary approval as foster carers under 25A of the Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010. This temporary foster carer approval process can be carried out at the same time as the adopter approval process.
This temporary approval can be given for a named Looked After child, where the local authority consider that this is in the child’s best interests.
Before giving such approval, the responsible authority must:
- Assess the suitability of that person to care for the child as a foster carer; and
- Consider whether, in all the circumstances and taking into account the services to be provided by the responsible authority, the proposed arrangements will safeguard and promote the child’s welfare and meet the child’s needs as set out in the Care Plan.
The temporary approval period expires when:
- The placement is terminated by the local authority;
- The approval as a prospective adopter is terminated;
- The prospective adopter is approved as a foster carer;
- The prospective adopter gives 28 days’ written notice that they no longer wish to be temporarily approved as a foster parent in relation to the child; or
- The child is placed for adoption with the prospective adopter. At this point, the Local Authority may wish to consider commencing care proceedings.
Foster to Adopt carers must be assessed as adopters and foster carers using the Coram BAAF Prospective Adopter Report. Their understanding and suitability to take on the dual role as foster carers initially and then adopters must be assessed and the evidence integrated within the report and then summarised at the end of the report.
When assessing a prospective Foster to Adopt carer's suitability the Social Worker must address the following issues in their assessment:
- Do the carers fully understand the uncertainty of a foster to adopt placement during the temporary foster care stage?
- How will the carers manage the anxiety this uncertainty will generate?
- Do carers understand that they will be expected to retain care of the child and support a rehabilitation or transition plan if it is decided that the child should return home or move to another placement?
- How will the carers respond to direct contact with the birth parents and the requirement to facilitate contact between the child and birth parent during the temporary fostering stage?
- Do the carers understand the different roles and responsibilities of a foster carer and an adopter?
- Do the carers have sufficient practical day-to-day child care experience to be able to care for the child to the standard expected of a local authority foster carer?
- How will the carers deal with little or no information about a child’s health history?
- Children have one placement with carers who may become their adopters;
- It allows the child and their carer to share key developments, milestones, experiences, memories and achievements from the earliest stage;
- It avoids disruption and damage to children’s capacity to attach and emotional wellbeing caused by terminating temporary foster care relationships or multiple placements;
- The likelihood of future behavioural and attachment difficulties and the resultant potential for placement breakdown are reduced;
- Where there are contact arrangements with the birth parents/family during the period of temporary foster care, it allows the carers to develop a wider understanding and knowledge of the child’s parents and enhances the information and perspective available for the child about their birth family in later life.
The principle of Foster to Adopt placements is that the carers, as adults, are expected to manage the uncertainty of the placement rather than the child.
The Benefits of Foster to Adopt for Carers are:
- It allows carers to share key developments, milestones, experiences, memories and achievements with the child from the earliest stage. This assists with attachment and reduces the amount of learning about the child's background by the carer;
- The carer is able to establish routines and responses to the child which meet the child’s needs but are also consistent with the parenting style of the family;
- Children placed with foster to adopt carers are likely to present less behavioural and attachment difficulties as a result of repeated temporary foster placement moves;
- Foster to Adopt carers are likely to have more contact with birth parents/family during the temporary fostering period which enhances the carers understanding of the birth parents/family and assist with sharing information about birth family with children at later stages in their development;
- Where Foster to Adopt carers receive the child into their care directly from their birth family they will have an enhanced understanding of the children’s previous care and experiences.
- Very occasionally, the Court or Adoption Panel may decide that the child will move back home or to another placement. This can be very distressing for the carer and the child. In these circumstances the carer is expected to place the child’s needs first and continue to care for the child during rehabilitation or introductions plan;
- Information about the foster to adopt carers and the placement may be inadvertently shared with the birth parents/family. Whilst all efforts are made to prevent this, sometimes this happens when children attend medical appointments or when reports are submitted to Court. Milton Keynes City Council are unable to guarantee that information about the placement will not be shared with the birth parents/family;
- It is better for children if their primary carers can escort them to and from contact with their birth parents/family. This is likely to mean that there are regular meetings between the foster to adopt carers and the birth parents/family. It can be distressing for carers to manage this positively where the child becomes distressed or behaves differently after a contact session;
- Foster to Adopt carers may be criticised or subject to complaints from parents about the standard or way in which their child is being cared for. In all instances these complaints will need to be discussed with the carer(s). Sometimes parents who are not able to care for their child may make complaints about their child’s care as a protest at their situation;
- Some Foster to Adopt carers may not have had previous day-to-day child care responsibility and may find getting to grips with the routine and practicalities challenging as many new parents do. This can be difficult for foster to adopt carers when their care is being scrutinised by the child’s birth parents and expected to be of the standard of a regular foster carer;
- There may be pressure placed upon Foster to Adopt carers by birth parent/family, the Courts and other professionals involved in the child’s case to offer enhanced post-Adoption contact between the child and their birth parents/family.
Early Permanence options must be considered for all children on the cusp of becoming looked after. The child’s social worker is responsible for detailing early permanence arrangements for a child in the application to Resource Panel.
Resource Panel is responsible for agreeing the early permanence plans for a child for whom it is agreed that a Legal Planning Meeting, with a view to commencing care proceedings, should be held. Once a Legal Planning Meeting has been held and it is agreed that a letter before proceedings should be issued the child’s social worker should complete a profile of the child and their needs.
If it is identified that the child is likely to require a plan for adoption the profile should be emailed to the Adoption Team Manager to commence the search for a foster to adopt placement.
The child’s social worker is responsible for completing the necessary CAFCASS and pre-proceedings processes.
Family Finding commences upon receipt of the profile from the child’s social worker. The child will be added to the Family Finding list by the Fostering Team and actions taken to identify a suitable placement will be discussed and recorded at the next Family Finding Meeting.
Once the request for an early permanence placement has been confirmed the Family Finder is responsible for notifying the child’s social worker of the outcome of the Family Finding activity. Where it has not been possible to identify a suitable foster to adopt placement the Social Worker for the child is responsible for notifying the Fostering Duty Desk that a mainstream fostering placement is required and forwarding a copy of the child’s profile. The child's profile should continue to be considered by the Family Finder to enable an early permanence placement to be still be identified when possible.
The Adoption social worker for the Foster to Adopt carers is responsible for convening and inviting relevant professionals to an Information Sharing Meeting including the child’s social worker who is expected to attend this meeting. The Foster to Adopt carers are not expected to make a decision about offering a Foster to Adopt placement at the Information Sharing Meeting. The Adoption Worker should contact the prospective Foster to Adopt carers on the next working day to obtain their decision.
Where the carers agree to offer a Foster to Adopt placement the Adoption Social Worker should notify the child’s Social Worker and the arrangements for the child’s placement should be included in the child’s care plan by the child’s Social Worker.
Section 22 placements are foster placements. Consequently Adopters approved as foster carers on either basis will be paid the fostering allowance from the date of placement and cease to be foster carers following presentation of the match to the adoption panel and positive recommendation agreed by the Agency Decision Maker (ADM). This will be after a placement order is granted, (unless parental consent to adoption has been given). The fostering role ends on conversion of the placement to adoption and the fostering allowance ceases. At this point Adoption Financial Support may be payable subject to a means test.
From April 2015 prospective adopters with a Foster to Adopt placement will be eligible for adoption pay and leave from the date the child is placed. The letter notifying the prospective adopter of the placement will be treated as the equivalent of a ‘matching certificate’ for statutory adoption pay and leave benefits.
Foster to Adopt carers are not usually expected to offer on-going direct contact with birth parents once the fostering stage of the child’s placement has ceased and the child is formally placed for adoption. Occasionally there may be a request from Birth Parents for direct contact post Adoption that will need to be discussed and assessed. However, Foster to Adopt placements/carers as such do not offer the opportunity for increased post-adoption contact and all assessment regarding post-Adoption contact for children with their birth parents/family are assessed on the same basis as adoption only placements.
All Foster to Adopt carers are expected to assist any direct contact between the child and their birth parent/family during the fostering stage of the placement as they are caring for the child under the fostering Regulations and expected to offer the same support to the child as a mainstream foster carer. This will usually be in the form of taking the child to and from contact and attendance at Review and Termination of Approval of Foster Carers Procedure.
Whilst Foster to Adopt carers may have managed direct contact between the child and the birth parent/family positively, they have been prepared to do this for a time-limited period and may not be emotionally able to continue to offer this beyond the temporary fostering period.
Discussions will be held with the Foster to Adopt carers about the type and level of contact they consider they will be able to offer, in conjunction with the needs of the child, as would be the case for any other prospective adopter who had not temporarily fostered a child first.
Last Updated: March 4, 2024
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